tiga malam tanpa bintang

yup malam ni ngak ada bintang...aku tak tahu nak buat apa so, aku lawat blog aku untuk hilangkan boring...hari makin hari dah habis sem nie..so fast right.. pas nie aku kena fikir ke alam pekerjaan pulak...hahaha...badan dah makin gemuk..aku asyik makan jer..biarlah bukan ada orang kisah pun.. yup...entahlah takde benda nak cerita aku tengah upload movie nie.. aku dah rasa bosan dah tinggal di utara.. takde benda aku bo buat.. klu kat kl.. bo jugak aku keja.. tak pun jalan2 ..kat sini.. asyik nampak hutan jer...hutan, hutan....

p/s -let's learn politics
1.0 Introduction

1.1 The History of International System

Historically, the International system have already been emerged for the less than 500 years ago. But before that time, people are managed into more political units known as city-states, empires and feudal units. Therefore, in the past 200 years, people already realized that they should have their own states. This is what we called as a sense of nations, in other words the group of citizens who are share the sense of national identity, including the languages and cultures.

According to Goldstein. S, J & Pevehouse, J. C ( 2006) from the book of International Relations 7 edition
“…the international system is the set of relationships among world ‘s states, structured according to certain rules and pattern of interaction. Some such rules are explicit, and some implicit”. ( Goldstein, S.J & Pevehouse, J.C ( 2006).Pp11.

Also, Goldstein & Pevehouse ( 2006) have argued that the international system was the component of civilizations. As we know, this system had been developed among the European State of 300 to 500 years ago. Moreover, the Western Civilizations for instance which is centered in Europe has evolved from the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Mesopotamia and especially Greece. Therefore, around 400 B.C in the period of Greek city-states, there are some of basic principles have been developed such as the interstate power politics. For instances, the Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta .


By that time, state exercised the trade relation activities and warfare with each other from the Mediterranean through India to East Asia. Much of this area came under Greek influence with the Conquest of Alexander the Great ( around 300 B. C) then under the Roman Empire ( around A.D.1) and then under an Arab empire ( Around A.D 600). ( Goldstein, S.J & Pevehouse, J.C ( 2006).Pp11.

Therefore, Europe itself began it power to world dominance around 1500 , after the renaissance ( when the Greek and Roman Classic were rediscovered). The Italian city-states also rediscovered the rules of interstates power politics as described by an adviser to Renaissance princes names Niccolo Machiavelli. By this time, Feudal units began to merge into large territorial nation-states under single authoritarian rulers known as Monarchy.

During this time, other civilizations also remained. These civilizations also created the first modern armies from military revolution. They always keep spreading their power by implementing the imperialism to the other states. By conquering other states shown that they are the strongest states who can control other to obey them. For Examples, like china Civilization become the first used warfare an instrument of power politics. A Sun Tzu had described it in the classic work called “ The Art of War”. (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006).




Also in the European continents, European civilizations also expanding its power. For example around 15th century period, they had sailing their ships, exploring and discovering the out world. Imperialism is the main activity at that time and they want to imperialist as much as countries they can to make their colonies and took the wealth by implementing the three Gs ( god, gospel and glory). Portugal become the first explorer and soon followed by the Spain, France and Britain. More over, the most powerful states in sixteenth–Century Europe were Britain ( England), France, Austria, Hungary, and Spain. The Ottoman empire ( Turkey) recurrently fought with the European powers, especially with Austria- Hungary.

Within Europe, Austria-Hungary and Spain were allied under control of the Hapsburg family, which also owned the territory of the Netherlands. The struggle over control of the Netherland was leading cause of the “ Thirty Years War (1618-1648). After that, Treaty of Westphalia 1648 has been established which promoted the principles of independent states of an international system.

Hence, this Modern International system had been practicing the concept of sovereignty as well as the territorial integrity of state as equal and independent. The formula of the system was the ability of one states or coalition, to balance the power of another states so that it could not conquer small unit and built a universal empire. But the question arise, whether modern international system have the ability to control all the actors that involved in the international politics regarding the concept of sovereignty.( Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006).

2.0 Anarchy and Sovereignty

2.1 The Conceptual Theory

Generally, anarchy can be defined as a situation without government or legal authority which responsible in leading as well as to control the behavior of actors in international political arena. Also, the absence of the of structure and rules, disorder , chaos in society directly related to the concept of anarchy. In other word, there is no bodies in international system had built some guides in controlling other states by forcing the laws.

According to Mohd Faisol & Dino khairi & Laila Suriya (2006) in their books Konsep Asas hubungan Antarabangsa dan Pengajian Strategi :
“… merupakan keadaan yang tidak menpunyai kerajaan atau pemerintahan yang bertanggungjawab dan berhak mentadbir serta mengawal kelakuan aktor-aktor dalam arena politik antarabangsa”.Pp9

Generally, the term of anarchy is foundation of the realist which concerned about how a state using its power. Most of the scholar do not use anarchy to describe the chaos of the world or disorder, but its reflect to international system without any central authority. Some people think that only a world government can solve this problem. Other thinks that it can be provided by international or agreement, short of world government. Most realist argued that international relations cannot escape from a state of anarchy and will continue to dangerous as well. ”. ( Goldstein, S.J & Pevehouse, J.C ( 2006).Pp11.

That is why the Goldstein has argued that rules of the international system itself create the anarchy. This is because there is no such central authority to enforce rules and court to punish the law breaker. Lack of such central authority among states is what realist means about the anarchy. In this anarchic world, realist emphasize prudence as a great virtue in foreign Policy. State should pay attention of others states but rather to their capabilities. As sun Tzu advised, do not expect that others states will not attack but rather be ready if they do.

However, Sovereignty itself emphasizes that the state has the right, to do whatever its want in its own territory. In other word, countries can pretty much do as they wish or being a boss in their own turf. In principle, all state are equal in status if not in power. Sovereignty also can be defined that the states can not possibly making interfere in the internal affairs of other states. Although they can influence each other on matters of trade, alliances and so on but they can not through into the middle of internal politics and decision process of the states. (Roskin , M. G & Berry, N.O 2002).
Therefore, respective other decision is quite easy to understand this concept. The norm of sovereignty however can be used to forbid the external into internal affairs. When this happen, the states must rely on each other to allow inspections and enforcement. For examples, the Nuclear issues in the North Korea. In this issues, North Korea announced that they would not allowed inspections of its nuclear facilities by other states, which against the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). But the International Community act an appropriate response using a mix of positive incentives and threats to convince North Korea to stop production of nuclear material.
3.0 Balance of Powers
According to Micheal Leifer ( 1986):

“ Balance of power as an actual policy of state has been clearer in terms of a common goal which has been to deny the emergence of any undue dominance or hegemony. Traditionally, the instrument of the balance has been war because in the last resort it was the only means available with which to preserve the independence of states.”
A state can certainly take a flexible approach and action in order to build and change the enemy in preventing the central of power which before this leading by only one country . Here, to understand the concept of balance of power , is very important to define the character itself . To be sure, balance of power concept is not only involves between 2 countries ( bilateral) but also can be practices in more countries ( Multilateral). Moreover , balancing of power is to protect the security and national interest of the country.

Hans Morgenthau (1993) argued that:
“ Alliances are necessary function of the balance of power operating within a multiple-state system, nation A and B, completing with each other, have three choices in order to maintain and improve their relative power positions. They can increase their own power, they can withhold the power of the nations from the adversary. When they make the first choice, they embark upon an armament race. When they choose the second and third alternatives, the pursue a policy of alliances”. ( Mohd Faisol & Dino khairi & Laila Suriya ,2006)


4.0 Great Powers and Middle Powers

Generally, a great power is a nation or state that has the power to manipulate or control it influence on global scale. Normally, when we discuss about the great power, there a few elements which is illustrates it clearly such as economy, military, diplomatic, and cultural strength. In other word, if a states or country can make other states obey and follow their rules and orders. Its can also considered as a great power. But the country who has known as great power must have a stable economy as well as strong military and cultural strength.

Because of these, the smaller nations have to concern seriously the orders or opinions from the great powers before taking some actions. In this situation we clearly can see how can the great powers using their influence to make the other small countries become their followers. Moreover, the Seven--Nation Alliance was been established in 1900 against the Boxer Rebellion in China which is consisted of the five Congress powers plus the Italy, Japan and The United States promoting the great powers of the era.

Recently, now there are eight-nation alliance which promoted the great power. Hence, the concept of superpower has emerged to defined those nation with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world nowadays. Plus, the term of “ Middle Power” used to describe for those nation which practised a degree of global influence such as in economic and political arena , but a in sufficient less power involved on international affairs. (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006)

Therefore, Since the founding of the United Nations Security Council in 1945. Thus, in the year 1971, the permanent seat of the Republic of China was change to the People’s Republic of China and Soviet Union was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, In addition, in Asia, Japan is considered as to be a great power as well as an economic power. After the separation of the USSR, the Russian Federation newly formed on the level of a great power leaving the United States as the sole superpower.

Although the powers are known to by the authorities as great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities. All five here such as the people republic of China, France, Russia, United kingdom as well as the United States have at present, permanent seats on the UN Security Council. They are also being recognised as “ Nuclear Weapons States” under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

4.1 Economic Great Power
With considerable economies the following countries are often considered to be great powers despite a lack of nuclear weapons and a permanent seat at the UN Security Council although both are mentioned in recent proposals to expand the permanent membership of the Security Council. For instance , Japan and Germany.
Plus, the term of “ Middle Power” used to describe for those nation which practised a degree of global influence such as in economic and political arena , but a in sufficient less power involved on international affairs. For examples the Canada and south Korea (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006).
5.0 Power Distributions

When we discussed about power distributions, there are three elements should taken into our accounts which is the Unipolar system, Bipolar system and the last one is the Multipolar system. Unipolar system was refered to only one states or country that have strong economic power, military forces and have strong influences to the entire world. And the unipolar has existed naturally, and no one created it . Also , bipolar system was defined with two states who have same level of power, military weapons that can make balance between two entities.
This system also exits naturally and the state do not have any intention to create this system. It only emerge because the consequences of making power. When you are being threat by other person. Should you take any actions or just make person attack you. This certainly happen in the international system. When Country A become more powerful and stronger, they will be one from other states expand its power to balance the power from Country A. So that, the Country A will not attacking Country B easily. According to the Goldstein and Pevehouse (2006), bipolar system has two predominant states or two great power.
Plus, the multipolar system are typically five or six centre of power, which are not grouped into alliances, Each states exercised independently and on relatively equal terms with the others. And for sure, in multipolar system, they do not naturally exit, but they create the coalition or mutual security through coordination of efforts. For examples, the European Union (EU) was the originated from European countries which practiced the same economic approaches by using Euro in their market. They had made co-operative trading among themselves and made policies that can improve the coalition of economic in Europe. (Goldstein and Pevehouse ,2006).
6.0 Hegemony
Goldstein argued that the hegemony is the holding by only one state of preponderance of power in international system. In other word, the hegemonic power dominated and rules the entire systems. They become stronger and no one or entities can against them. Also, the theory of hegemonic stability according the Goldstein holds that hegemonic power promoted some order to the a central government in the international system which is reducing the anarchy, deterring the aggression as well as exercising the free trade among others states.

Plus, Hegemon countries can solve the conflict problem which occurred between two states by acting as middle countries who try to concern the conflict before it becoming more worse. But what are the differences between the Unipolar and hegemonic system. For sure, when we look at the surface between these two entities, they just the same which have strong power to control other states follow and obey their rules and orders. Otherwise, they are totally different when the systems being originated.

Generally, unipolar is naturally existed and no one create it to become a unipolar system. Its just naturally happened , when a state have independence and the stabilility to practices their own interest. Otherwise, the hegemonic is the action made by the strong state to make its country to become superpower. In other word, the intention made by state to be a hegemon power by improve their own military weapons and monopoly the economic of the world.

7.0 The Great Power system

To understand the concept of great power system, we must understand the situation itself. According to the scholars, a great power is a nation or state that has the power to manipulate it influence on global scale. Normally, when we discuss about the great power system, there a few element that being possess by this system which is economy, military, diplomatic, and cultural strength.

Moreover, if we recalled back at the history, the “great power” concept was firstly being used in Europe during the post Napoleonic era. Since then, power has been magnificently shifted during the World War 1 and world war 11. Therefore, Kenneth waltz the founder of neo-realism have specifically defined the concept of great power which is can be categorized as the ability to control the population and territory, resource endowment, economic capability as well as the politics situation and the military strength.

Hence, the example of cotemporary great power system has been practicing in the permanent membership on the United Nations Security Council nowadays. Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were “world-powers” because Western society had recently become “world-wide”. (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006 ).

Another important criteria throughout history is that great powers have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and to have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to discuss them. Before the era of groups like the United Nations, participants of such meetings were not officially named, but were decided based on their great power status.

These were conferences which settled important questions based on major historical events. This might mean deciding the political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts. There are several historical conferences and treaties which implement the concept of the great power such as the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of Versailles which is organized the map of Europe and the Treaty of Westphalia. The congress of Vienna was established in 1815 for an action to preserve peace after the years of Napoleonic Wars. The congress composed with five main powers which is the United Kingdom, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, France and Russia.
Also, in the beginning of the 20th century, the emerging concept of great powers has been changed. The stagnated of Russia and Austria-Hungary as well as United Kingdom experienced the growing of economy and political power. At the same time, Japan had getting expanding their power after its Meiji Restoration and the United States after its Civil War ended.

In addition, in Asia, Japan is considered as to be a great power as well as an economic power. After the separation of the USSR, the Russian Federation newly formed on the level of a great power leaving the United States as the sole superpower. Although the powers are known to by the authorities as great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.

8.0 Case Studies : United States of America
As we know, until now United States can be considered as an hegemonic power. According to the hegemonic theory, a hegemonic is necessary in order to maintain the world order and prevent other states from destabilizing the international system. Since WWII , U.S becoming the most powerful country around the world. U.S not only have their own strong capabilities in economic but also in her military forces. Every year they will expand in their budgets for upgrading military weapons . By looking at his GDP is about 11 trillion make U.S sit the first ranking states as compared to the other country in the world. Hence, U.S is one of the five superpower in the world that can make orders and opinions in international system itself. (Goldstein and Pevehouse, 2006).

Historically, we have seen U.S actions as world police try to conduct others states to live in peace. In the George W. Bush premiership for instance has created a new doctrine that surprised the entire world. After being threatening directly for the first time by the Al Qaeda Group which he called as a “ terrorist” had changed U.S policies in order to absorb and change the entire world by making a new American Plan known as “ War on Terrorism”.

In this plan, they actually responded very proactively and more extreme by using pre emptive strategy to destroy the “ Terrorist” in the world and warn everyone for those supported the terrorist will face the same faith what the Afghanistan and Iraq regime did. For instances, the invasion on Iraq at the year 2003, when Saddam Hussein regime have been abolished and knock down by the U.S shown that they do not care about the sovereignty or the principles of international system that address do not interfere others countries. But as long as U.S want to achieve their goal against the terrorist, they will take the risks.

Ignoring the order of security council at that time does not make sense to U.S. This is because they know exactly that nobody in this world can stop them for being rude and play role as world police, perhaps making peace but in reality they only take care of their national interest. So, is there any other entities can balance of Power toward U.S? The answer is yes.

I strongly believe that China will become a great super power which have the possibility in making balance of power towards U.S. Recently, we know that China is one of the big countries that expanding and upgrading its economic power especially in trading activities. Historically, when Deng Xiaoping become a leader in People’s Republic of China in the late 17th , China economy have been transformed remarkably when they produced spectacular growth an average rate about 9.3 percent between 1979-1993. (Hynes, H.A, 1998).

As matter of fact, China also taken benefits on foreign investment which make her to be a state that can compete U.S. This is because of the potential of China itself which maintain his economy profits through a large domestic market and providing cheap labour source of some eight hundred million people. Therefore, some the economic analyst predicted that China will become the world largest economy in terms of GDP by 2010.
Recently, according to the Goldstein and Pevehouse (2006) the GDP on China was estimated about $ 7 trillion and this statement had put china to be the second ranks country after U.S. Therefore, China have many armies and they actually can be a great threat toward U.S. For sure, China never left behind in improving its military forces. (Hynes, H.A, 1998).

According to Hynes, H.A (1998) in his an article “ China :The emerging superpower” argued that recently china had focused on its nuclear forces. Moreover, to let her as superpower same like U.S , they now developed the twelve thousand –kilometre range, solid fuel of mobile DF- 41 missile which allow rapid and reaction and MIRV capability. Soon, China will developed a number of satellites which focus on radar, electronic and electro –optical intelligence, navigation and so on. Its military force also improve significantly and become more modernized oriented.

Infact, the same thing happen in European Countries, they also can make balance of power towards U.S through economic approaches. For examples, when Euro Currency had emerged , they indirectly balance the outstanding of the US dollar. Nowadays, US Dollar are becoming decreasingly down and its make worry to U.S market. The EU will take this opportunity in upgrading European market as well as replacing the monopoly of the U.S market. Even though the EU still have binding contract with the U.S, but this can not let EU from being a strong economic power as US did.

9.0 Conclusion
In my conclusion, I have learnt about the history about the international system, when it begin, how city –states had changed into more political and feudal units and created the civilizations and of course instilled the anxiety of sovereignty to become a strong and stable states. Then, I also have been studied about the anarchy and sovereignty , the concept of balance of power, the distributions of power and the great power system. Moreover, I have been discussed about the U.S as an hegemonic power and her actions in attacking the terrorist around the world.

After studying about the international System, we clearly realize how very important the role of international system itself in controlling and maintaining peace around the world. We know that most of the superpower country like U.S only concern about their own national interest than thinking about others. For sure, what they really care is that how they will become more powerful and stronger rather than concerning about the human rights that recently being abolished and threatened.

Supposedly, U.S as an hegemonic power should play their role with sincere and kindness especially in improving the stability of humankind and human rights. But that is only a dream for everyone. I really agree what realist argued about the concept of power. State can not control themselves for being superpower. This is because they need power to maintain the stability of security among them. If they ignore about the point of power, they will be attacking by their own enemies.